Nabonye ko bateri zishobora kwishyurwa zakozwe cyane cyane mu bihugu nk'Ubushinwa, Koreya y'Epfo, n'Ubuyapani. Aya mahanga arimbere kubera ibintu byinshi bibatandukanya.

• Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga, nk'iterambere rya lithium-ion na bateri zikomeye-zahinduye imikorere ya batiri.
• Inkunga ya leta mu mishinga y’ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa yashyizeho ibidukikije byiza byo kubyaza umusaruro.
• Kwiyongera kw’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi byongereye ingufu icyifuzo, leta zitanga ingamba zo guteza imbere iri hinduka.

Ibi bintu, bifatanije nu munyururu ukomeye wo gutanga no kubona ibikoresho fatizo, bisobanura impamvu ibyo bihugu biyobora inganda.

Ibyingenzi

• Ubushinwa, Koreya yepfo, nu Buyapani bikora bateri zishishwa cyane. Bafite ibikoresho bigezweho hamwe na sisitemu ikomeye yo gutanga.
• Amerika na Kanada zirimo gukora bateri nyinshi ubu. Bibanda ku gukoresha ibikoresho byaho ninganda.
• Kuba ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije ningirakamaro cyane kubakora bateri. Bakoresha ingufu zicyatsi nuburyo bwiza bwo gufasha isi.
• Gusubiramo bifasha kugabanya imyanda no gukoresha ibikoresho bike. Ibi bifasha kongera gukoresha umutungo muburyo bwubwenge.
• Ikoranabuhanga rishya, kimwe na bateri zikomeye, bizatuma bateri itekana kandi nziza mugihe kizaza.

Isi Yububiko Bwububiko bwa Batteri zishobora kwishyurwa

Ubuyobozi bwa Aziya mu Gukora Bateri

Ubushinwa bwiganje mu gukora batiri ya lithium-ion

Nabonye ko Ubushinwa buyobora isoko ryisi ya bateri ya lithium-ion. Mu 2022, igihugu cyatanze 77% bya bateri zishobora kwishyurwa ku isi. Uku kwiganza guturuka ku kubona kwinshi kubikoresho fatizo nka lithium na cobalt, hamwe nubushobozi buhanitse bwo gukora. Guverinoma y'Ubushinwa nayo yashyize imbaraga nyinshi mu nganda zishobora kongera ingufu n’inganda zikoresha amashanyarazi, hashyirwaho urusobe rukomeye rw’ibikorwa bya batiri. Igipimo cy'umusaruro mu Bushinwa cyemeza ko bateri zishobora kwishyurwa zakozwe hano ziguma zihenze kandi zikaboneka henshi.

Amajyambere ya Koreya yepfo muburyo bwa tekinoroji ya batiri ikora cyane

Koreya y'Epfo yakoze icyuho mu gukora bateri ikora cyane. Ibigo nka LG Energy Solution na Samsung SDI byibanda mugutezimbere bateri zifite ingufu nyinshi kandi zifite ubushobozi bwo kwishyuza byihuse. Njye mbona kwibanda kubushakashatsi niterambere bitangaje, kuko bitera udushya munganda. Ubuhanga bwa Koreya yepfo mubijyanye na elegitoroniki y’abaguzi burashimangira umwanya wabwo nk'umuyobozi mu ikoranabuhanga rya batiri.

Ubuyapani buzwiho ubuziranenge no guhanga udushya

Ubuyapani bwamamaye mu gutanga umusarurobatterie nziza cyanes. Abakora nka Panasonic bashyira imbere kwizerwa no kwizerwa, bigatuma ibicuruzwa byabo bishakishwa cyane. Nishimiye Ubuyapani bwiyemeje guhanga udushya, cyane cyane mubushakashatsi bwa batiri bukomeye. Uku kwibanda ku ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryemeza ko Ubuyapani bukomeza kugira uruhare rukomeye ku isoko rya batiri ku isi.

Uruhare rwo Kwagura Amerika y'Amajyaruguru

Amerika yibanze ku musaruro wa batiri yo mu gihugu

Amerika yongereye cyane uruhare rwayo mu gukora bateri mu myaka icumi ishize. Kwiyongera kw'ibinyabiziga by'amashanyarazi no kubika ingufu zishobora kongera iterambere. Guverinoma ya Amerika yashyigikiye inganda binyuze mu bikorwa no gushora imari, bituma ingufu z’ingufu zishobora gukuba kabiri kuva 2014 kugeza 2023. Californiya na Texas ubu ziyoboye ubushobozi bwo kubika batiri, ziteganya kwaguka kurushaho. Nizera ko kwibanda ku musaruro w’imbere mu gihugu bizagabanya gushingira ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga no gushimangira umwanya w’Amerika ku isoko ry’isi.

Uruhare rwa Kanada mugutanga ibikoresho fatizo no gukora

Kanada ifite uruhare runini mugutanga ibikoresho bibisi nka nikel na cobalt, ingenzi kuri bateri zishishwa zakozwe kwisi yose. Igihugu kandi cyatangiye gushora imari mu bikoresho byo gukora batiri kugira ngo kibyaze umusaruro umutungo wacyo. Ndabona imbaraga za Canada ari ingamba zifatika zo kwishyira hamwe murwego rwo gutanga bateri kwisi.

Inganda zikura za Batiri mu Burayi

Kwiyongera kwa gigafactories mu Budage na Suwede

Uburayi bwagaragaye nk'ihuriro rikura ry'umusaruro wa batiri, Ubudage na Suwede ni byo biza ku isonga. Uruganda rukora ibicuruzwa muri ibi bihugu rwibanda ku guhaza akarere kiyongera ku binyabiziga bikoresha amashanyarazi. Ndabona igipimo cyibi bikoresho gishimishije, kuko kigamije kugabanya kwishingira Uburayi ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa muri Aziya. Izi nganda kandi zishimangira kuramba, zihuza intego z’iburayi.

Politiki y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ishishikariza umusaruro waho

Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi washyize mu bikorwa politiki yo kuzamura umusaruro wa batiri waho. Ibikorwa nka Alliance Battery Alliance bigamije kubona ibikoresho fatizo no guteza imbere ubukungu bwizunguruka. Nizera ko izo mbaraga zitazazamura umusaruro w’uburayi gusa ahubwo zizanatuma iterambere rirambye mu nganda.

Ibikoresho hamwe nuburyo bukoreshwa muri Bateri yumuriro

Ibikoresho by'ibanze by'ibanze

Litiyumu: Ikintu cyingenzi cya bateri zishobora kwishyurwa

Litiyumu igira uruhare runini mu gukora bateri zishishwa. Nabonye ko ubwinshi bwabyo nimbaraga nyinshi zituma biba ingenzi kuri bateri ya lithium-ion. Nyamara, ubucukuzi bwa lithium buzana ibibazo by ibidukikije. Ibikorwa byo kuvoma akenshi biganisha ku ihumana ry’ikirere n’amazi, iyangirika ry’ubutaka, n’amazi y’ubutaka. Mu turere nka Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, ubucukuzi bwa cobalt bwangije ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije, mu gihe isesengura ry’icyogajuru muri Cuba ryerekanye hegitari zirenga 570 z’ubutaka bwahindutse ubutayu kubera ibikorwa byo gucukura nikel na cobalt. Nubwo hari ibibazo, lithium ikomeza kuba urufatiro rwikoranabuhanga rya batiri.

Cobalt na nikel: Urufunguzo rwo gukora bateri

Cobalt na nikel nibyingenzi mukuzamura imikorere ya bateri. Ibyo byuma bitezimbere ingufu no kuramba, bigatuma bikenerwa mubikorwa nkibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi. Ndabona bishimishije uburyo ibyo bikoresho bigira uruhare mubikorwa bya bateri zishishwa zakozwe kwisi yose. Nyamara, kubikuramo ni imbaraga nyinshi kandi bitera ingaruka kubidukikije ndetse nabaturage. Ibyuma byangiza biva mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro birashobora kwangiza ubuzima bw'abantu ndetse n'ibidukikije.

Igishushanyo nibindi bikoresho bifasha

Graphite ikora nkibikoresho byibanze kuri bateri. Ubushobozi bwayo bwo kubika lithium ion neza bituma iba ikintu cyingenzi. Ibindi bikoresho, nka manganese na aluminium, nabyo bigira uruhare runini mugutezimbere bateri no gutwara neza. Nizera ko ibyo bikoresho hamwe byemeza kwizerwa no gukora bya bateri zigezweho.

Inzira zingenzi zo gukora

Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro no gutunganya ibikoresho bibisi

Umusaruro wa bateri zishobora kwishyurwa utangirana no gucukura no gutunganya ibikoresho bibisi. Iyi ntambwe ikubiyemo gukuramo lithium, cobalt, nikel, na grafite mu isi. Gutunganya ibyo bikoresho byemeza ko byujuje ubuziranenge bukenewe mu gukora bateri. Nubwo iyi nzira ikoresha ingufu nyinshi, ishyiraho urufatiro rwa bateri nziza.

Guteranya selile hamwe no gupakira ibicuruzwa

Inteko y'utugari ikubiyemo intambwe nyinshi zitoroshye. Ubwa mbere, ibikoresho bifatika bivangwa kugirango ugere ku guhuza neza. Noneho, ibishishwa bitwikiriwe hejuru yicyuma hanyuma bikumishwa kugirango bikingire. Electrode isize isunikwa binyuze muri kalendari kugirango yongere ingufu. Hanyuma, electrode iracibwa, igateranyirizwa hamwe, kandi yuzuye electrolytike. Njye mbona iyi nzira ishimishije kubera neza kandi igoye.

Kugenzura ubuziranenge hamwe nuburyo bwo gupima

Kugenzura ubuziranenge ni aikintu gikomeye cyo gukora bateri. Uburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura nibyingenzi kugirango tumenye inenge kandi tumenye kwizerwa. Nabonye ko kuringaniza ubuziranenge no gukora neza ari ikibazo gikomeye. Utugingo ngengabuzima duhunga uruganda turashobora kwangiza izina ryikigo. Kubwibyo, ababikora bashora imari muburyo bwo kugerageza kugirango bakomeze ibipimo bihanitse.

Ibidukikije nubukungu Ingaruka zumusaruro wamashanyarazi

Ibibazo by'ibidukikije

Ingaruka zo gucukura no gutakaza umutungo

Ubucukuzi bw'ibikoresho nka lithium na cobalt butera ibibazo bikomeye bidukikije. Nabonye ko gukuramo lithium, urugero, bisaba amazi menshi - kugeza kuri toni miliyoni 2 kuri toni imwe ya litiro. Ibi byatumye amazi agabanuka cyane mu turere nka Litiyumu yo muri Amerika y'Epfo. Ibikorwa by'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro nabyo bisenya aho bituye no kwanduza urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima. Imiti yangiza ikoreshwa mugihe cyo kuyikuramo yanduza amasoko y'amazi, ibangamira ubuzima bwo mu mazi n'ubuzima bwa muntu. Amashusho ya satelite agaragaza ahantu nyaburanga haterwa no gucukura nikel na cobalt, byerekana kwangirika kwigihe kirekire kubidukikije. Iyi myitozo ntabwo yangiza ibidukikije gusa ahubwo inihutisha igabanuka ryumutungo, bitera impungenge zijyanye no kuramba.

Gutunganya no kwita ku myanda

Gusubiramo bateri zishobora kwishyurwa bikomeza kuba inzira igoye. Ndabona bishimishije uburyo bateri zikoreshwa zinyura munzira nyinshi, zirimo gukusanya, gutondeka, gutemagura, no gutandukana, kugirango ugarure ibyuma byagaciro nka lithium, nikel, na cobalt. Nubwo hashyizweho ingufu, ibiciro byo gutunganya ibicuruzwa bikomeza kuba bike, biganisha ku myanda ya elegitoroniki. Uburyo budahwitse bwo gutunganya butanga umusanzu mu guta umutungo no kwangiza ibidukikije. Gushiraho gahunda nziza yo gutunganya ibicuruzwa bishobora kugabanya imyanda no kugabanya ibikenerwa mu bucukuzi bushya. Ibi byafasha gukemura ibibazo by’ibidukikije bigenda byiyongera bijyanye n’umusaruro wa batiri ushobora kwishyurwa.

Ibintu byubukungu

Ibiciro by'ibikoresho fatizo n'umurimo

Umusaruro wa bateri zishobora kwishyurwa zirimo amafaranga menshi kubera kwishingikiriza kubikoresho bidasanzwe nka lithium, cobalt, na nikel. Ibi bikoresho ntabwo bihenze gusa ahubwo binakoresha ingufu nyinshi kubikuramo no kubitunganya. Ibiciro by'umurimo byiyongera ku mikoreshereze rusange, cyane cyane mu turere dufite umutekano uhamye n'amabwiriza y'ibidukikije. Nizera ko ibi bintu bigira ingaruka zikomeye kubiciro bya bateri zishishwa zakozwe kwisi yose. Impungenge z'umutekano, nk'ingaruka zo guturika n'umuriro, nazo zongera ibiciro by'umusaruro, kuko ababikora bagomba gushora imari mu ngamba z'umutekano zateye imbere.

Ihiganwa ryisi yose hamwe nubucuruzi

Amarushanwa ku isi atera udushya mu nganda za batiri zishishwa. Ibigo bihora bitezimbere tekinolojiya mishya kugirango ikomeze imbere. Ingamba zo kugena ibiciro zigomba guhinduka kugirango zikomeze guhatanira isoko ku isoko ryatewe nubufatanye bufatika no kwagura akarere. Nabonye ko amasoko agaragara afite uruhare runini mugushiraho imbaraga zubucuruzi. Kwagura umusaruro mu turere nka Amerika y'Amajyaruguru n'Uburayi ntibigabanya gusa gushingira ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga gusa ahubwo bihuza na politiki ya leta iteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ry'icyatsi. Ibi bitanga amahirwe yo guhanga imirimo no kuzamuka mubukungu.

Imbaraga zirambye

Udushya muburyo bwangiza ibidukikije

Kuramba bimaze kuba iby'ibanze mu gukora bateri. Nishimiye uburyo ibigo bikoresha uburyo bwangiza ibidukikije kugirango bigabanye ingaruka kubidukikije. Kurugero, bamwe mubakora ubu bakoresha ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu kugirango bakoreshe ibikoresho byabo. Udushya mugushushanya kwa batiri tunibanda kugabanya ibikenerwa kubikoresho bidasanzwe, bigatuma umusaruro uramba. Izi mbaraga ntabwo zigabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere gusa ahubwo inagira uruhare mubukungu bwizunguruka mugutezimbere ikoreshwa ryibintu.

Politiki iteza imbere imikorere yubukungu

Guverinoma ku isi zirimo gushyira mu bikorwa politiki yo gushimangira imikorere irambye mu gukora batiri. Inshingano zagutse za producer (EPR) zitegeka ababikora kubazwa bateri nyuma yubuzima bwabo. Gusubiramo intego ninkunga yo gukora ubushakashatsi niterambere birashigikira iyi gahunda. Nizera ko iyi politiki izihutisha iyemezwa ry’ubukungu bw’umuzingi, bigatuma bateri zishobora kwishyurwa zakozwe muri iki gihe zigabanya ibidukikije. Mugushira imbere kuramba, inganda zirashobora kugera ku iterambere rirambye mugihe gikemura ibibazo by ibidukikije.

Ibizaza muriGukora Bateri Yishyurwa

Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga

Batteri-ikomeye ikomeye hamwe nubushobozi bwabo

Ndabona batteri-ikomeye ikomeye nkumukino uhindura inganda. Izi bateri zisimbuza electrolytite zamazi nizikomeye, zitanga ibyiza byingenzi. Imbonerahamwe ikurikira irerekana itandukaniro ryingenzi riri hagati ya bateri-ya litiro-ion gakondo:

Izi bateri zisezeranya kwishyurwa byihuse no kurushaho kunoza umutekano. Nyamara, ibiciro byabo byo kubyaza umusaruro bikomeje kuba ingorabahizi. Nizera ko iterambere mu buhanga bwo gukora rizatuma barushaho kuboneka ejo hazaza.

Gutezimbere mubucucike bwingufu no kwihuta

Inganda zirimo gutera intambwe mukuzamura imikorere ya bateri. Ndabona iterambere rikurikira rigaragara cyane:

• Batteri ya Litiyumu-sulfuru ikoresha cathodes yoroheje ya sulfuru, ikongerera ingufu ingufu.
• Silicon anode hamwe nubushakashatsi bukomeye burahindura ububiko bwingufu kubinyabiziga byamashanyarazi (EV).
• Sitasiyo yumuriro mwinshi hamwe na silicon karbide yamashanyarazi bigabanya inshuro zo kwishyuza kuburyo bugaragara.
• Kwishyuza byerekezo byombi bituma EVs ihindura amashanyarazi kandi ikora nkisoko yinyuma.

Ibi bishya byemeza ko bateri zishobora kwishyurwa zakozwe muri iki gihe zikora neza kandi zitandukanye kurusha mbere hose.

Kwagura ubushobozi bw'umusaruro

Gigafactories nshya nibikoresho kwisi yose

Gukenera bateri byatumye ubwubatsi bwa gigafactory bwiyongera. Ibigo nka Tesla na Samsung SDI birashora imari mubikoresho bishya. Urugero:

1. Tesla yageneye miliyari 1.8 z'amadolari muri R&D mu 2015 kugira ngo iteze imbere selile ya lithium-ion.
2. Samsung SDI yaguye ibikorwa byayo muri Hongiriya, Ubushinwa, na Amerika

Ishoramari rigamije gukemura ibibazo bikenerwa na EV, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bigendanwa, hamwe no kubika ingufu zishobora kubaho.

Gutandukanya uturere kugirango tugabanye ingaruka zitangwa

Nabonye impinduka zijyanye no gutandukanya uturere mukubyara bateri. Izi ngamba zigabanya kwishingikiriza ku turere runaka kandi zishimangira urunigi rwo gutanga. Guverinoma ku isi zirashishikariza inganda zaho kongera umutekano w’ingufu no guhanga imirimo. Iyi myumvire ituma isoko rya batiri irushaho gukomera kandi iringaniye.

Kuramba nkibyingenzi

Kongera gukoresha ibikoresho bitunganijwe neza

Gusubiramo bigira uruhare runini mubikorwa bya batiri birambye. Nubwo benshi bemeza ko 5% gusa ya bateri ya lithium-ion yongeye gukoreshwa, gushimangira ubukungu bitera impinduka. Gutunganya ibyuma bifite agaciro nka lithium na cobalt bigabanya ibikenerwa mu bucukuzi bushya. Ndabona iyi ari intambwe yingenzi yo kugabanya ingaruka z’ibidukikije.

Gutezimbere inganda zikoresha ingufu zitoshye

Ababikora barimo gukoresha ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu kubikoresho byabo. Ihinduka rigabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere kandi bigahuza nintego zirambye kwisi. Nishimiye uburyo izo mbaraga zigira uruhare mubukungu bwizunguruka, nkareba ko bateri zishobora kwishyurwa zakozwe uyu munsi zishyigikira ejo hazaza heza.

Batteri zishobora kwishyurwa zikorwa cyane cyane muri Aziya, hamwe na Amerika ya ruguru n’Uburayi bigira uruhare runini. Nabonye ko uburyo bwo gukora buterwa nibikoresho fatizo nka lithium na cobalt, hamwe nubuhanga buhanitse bwo gukora. Nyamara, imbogamizi nkigiciro gihanitse, kwishingikiriza ku bikoresho bidasanzwe, hamwe n’umutekano w’umutekano uracyakomeza. Politiki ya leta, harimo amahame y’umutekano n’amabwiriza yo gutunganya ibicuruzwa, agena icyerekezo cy’inganda. Imbaraga zirambye, nko gukoresha ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu hamwe n’ubucukuzi bw’ibidukikije bwangiza ibidukikije, burahindura ejo hazaza ha bateri zishobora kwishyurwa zakozwe muri iki gihe. Izi mpinduka zigaragaza impinduka zitanga icyerekezo cyo guhanga udushya no kubungabunga ibidukikije.

Ibibazo

Nibihe bihugu nyamukuru bitanga bateri zishobora kwishyurwa?

Ubushinwa, Koreya y'Epfo, n'Ubuyapani byiganjemo umusaruro wa batiri ku isi. Amerika n'Uburayi byagura inshingano zabo hamwe na politiki nshya. Utu turere twiza cyane kubera ikoranabuhanga ryateye imbere, kubona ibikoresho fatizo, hamwe n’iminyururu ikomeye.

Kuki lithium ari ngombwa muri bateri zishishwa?

Litiyumu itanga ingufu nyinshi hamwe nuburemere bworoshye, bigatuma biba ngombwa kuri bateri ya lithium-ion. Ibiranga bidasanzwe bifasha kubika neza ingufu, ningirakamaro mubisabwa nkibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi na electronique yikuramo.

Nigute ababikora bemeza ubwiza bwa bateri?

Ababikora bakoresha uburyo bukomeye bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge, harimo kumenya inenge no gupima imikorere. Uburyo bunoze bwo kugenzura butanga ubwizerwe n'umutekano, nibyingenzi mukugumana ikizere cyabakiriya no kubahiriza amahame yinganda.

Ni izihe ngorane inganda za batiri zihura nazo?

Inganda zihura n’ibibazo nkibiciro by’ibanze, impungenge z’ibidukikije ziva mu bucukuzi bw’amabuye y'agaciro, hamwe n'ingaruka zitangwa. Ababikora bakemura ibyo bibazo binyuze mu guhanga udushya, ibikorwa byo gutunganya ibicuruzwa, no gutandukanya uturere.

Nigute kuramba gushiraho umusaruro wa batiri?

Kuramba biratera imbaraga zo gukoresha ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije, nko gukoresha ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu mu nganda n’ibikoresho bitunganyirizwa. Izi mbaraga zigabanya ingaruka z’ibidukikije no guhuza intego z’isi yose ejo hazaza heza.